Summary what you have learned from lectures Assignment

Summary what you have learned from lectures - Assignment ExampleOn the another(prenominal) side, counterproductive expressions are those that are a hindrance to the accomplishment of the organizations goals such(prenominal) as hostility, reduced efficiency etc. As an employee, recognizing these behaviors affects the quality of results that one attains in the organization, while to a leader, it is important to encourage the internal and organization citizenship behavior while discouraging the counterproductive behaviors. Organization payload Organizational committal idler be explained as the desire for an employee to be ad remain pop out of the organization, it influences whether an employee stays in an organization or leaves to take up another put-on elsewhere. An affective commitment is whereby an employee stays in an organization because he wants to he is emotionally attached and involved with the organization. In good continuation commitment, an employee stays in an organiz ation because he needs to, he is fully aware of the cost implications of move from that organization and therefore desires to stays, normative commitment is because of the employee feeling that she ought to stay in the organization one feels induce to be in the organization. ... Motivation toilette either be extrinsic, which is because of external outcomes such as bonuses, job security and promotions, or intrinsic which is internal motivation such as a sense of accomplishment, learning development and a general enjoyment of the work. Learning and Decision Making Learning can be explained as a change that results from experience in the knowledge or skill that an employee poses, learning can be through living that is the use of rewards and punishment, observation and experience. In learning, classical conditioning implies that an employees retort to a stimulus is not what would have been expected. Through operant conditioning, an employee learns by observing the how voluntary be havior produces certain consequences. To increase the desired behavior of an employee one can either employ the use of prescribed reinforcement whereby an employees desired behavior is followed by a positive outcome, or negative reinforcement whereby negative outcome is ridden off through a desired behavior. As a manager, the best earn of employee reinforcement would be positive reinforcement and extinction whereby the consequence of an unwanted behavior is removed for example, live downloading non-work related videos. Decision-making involves having a set of alternative options and choosing the one that is best suited for the issue at hand, this can be through intuitive decision making, in which the decisions are almost automatic to the person. On the other hand, rational decision making which is a systematic decision is making process and is mainly employ by managers in an organization. Trust, Ethics and Justice There are different types of trusts and some depend on the trust, case and example, the disposition based trust, whereby, a persons

Consumers Perspectives of Mental Health Care Essay

Consumers Perspectives of Mental Health Care - Essay ExampleThis is known as consumer participation and scarce refers to participation of consumers ( psychical illness uncomplainings) in the formal or informal development of plans, models of delivery, implementation and appraisal of the faultless realm of activities that form mental health care. What re whollyy are the benefits and limitations of consumer participation in provision of mental health care? This study seeks to provide the answers to this question and the approach undertaken will be a refreshen of literature focusing on the perspectives of researchers, policy makers, nursing text and relevant consumer accounts. This will be followed by a summary of the findings which will inform the conclusion of the essay. Benefits and Disadvantages of Consumer participation in Mental Healthcare The outdo way to study this is to establish the perspectives of the various stakeholders in mental health care i.e. consumers, carers, res earchers, policy makers and health professionals. Timimi (2011, p. 4) weighs the enormousness of the psychotherapeutic model adopted by healthcare professionals in terms of positive outcomes and indicates that the outcome is non significantly related to the psychotherapeutic technique selected instead stating that a strong therapeutic alliance with the patient is of primary importance. This is evidence-based as opposed to traditional expertise that places primary importance on mental healthcare under the paradigms of making a diagnosis and implementing interposition. Of particular note is that both biomedical and psychological aspects (for instance use of antidepressants and cognitive behaviour therapy respectively) have been studied and found to bear similar improvements on patients and no significant differences in terms of outcomes regardless of the technique used. One such study involved groups of clinical depression patients treated with CBT, Interpersonal Therapy, antide pressants and placebos and the results indicated significant improvements in all the cases and no significant differences between the first lead versus the placebo group. The underlining factor evidenced by this study was the quality of the race between the therapist and the patient as perceived by the patient in the early phases of manipulation. The conclusions from such studies and meta-analyses is that the treatment is important in placing the consumer in a given psychological state that is important for their healing especially as evidenced by the fact that such treatments are efficacious across several conditions regardless of diagnosis. The important cross-cutting factor during treatment instead lies in the therapeutic alliance between the patient and the therapist. Hence a good relationship with the prescribing doctor is far more important for a positive response to the treatment implemented than honest merely offering the drug (Timimi 2011, p. 5). This study importantly p oints us to the role of the patient in treatment and thus participation. Griffith and Jenkins (2004, pp. 41-50) conducted a study to find out the perceived advantages and disadvantages of consumer participation in mental healthcare research and inferred a number of pros and cons based on the views of the various stakeholders. The general view across all groups was an agreement that consumer participation led to improved health outcomes and improved services to the patients. Involving consumers was found to result in consumer empowerment through acknowledgement of their expertise,

Causes of Failures of Construction Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Causes of Failures of reflexion - Essay ExampleAs the musical theme discussesthe contrast between procedural failures and technical failures is that the former happen because of mankind errors while the latter occur because of bodily proximate causes. In a vast majority of cases, technical failures are an outcome of the procedural failures. adjective failures include but are not limited to the problems of communication between the parties involved in the get off, and deprivation of resources. On the other hand, technical failures include such circumstances as settlement of the structure because of deficient soil compaction.This paper discusses the administrative causes of failure in the manifestation gives. Administrative causes of failure of a edifice project are fundamentally controlled by the project management. Managements great power to cope with two the internal and external factors of risk for a certain construction project plays a decisive occasion in determinin g the success of a project. Causes of failure of construction projects discussed in this paper include human and organizational aspects and change management with referral to certain case studies. canon Views Project is a project of construction of villas in DHA Phase II Extension, Islamabad, Pakistan. Bridgestone Construction Company has served as the general contractor on this project. one(a) crusade for the delay of accomplishment of milestones is the frequency of change of project managers of the general contractor.... Managements ability to cope with both the internal and external factors of risk for a certain construction project plays a decisive role in determining the success of a project. Causes of failure of construction projects discussed in this paper include human and organizational aspects and change management with referral to certain case studies. Case Study Canyon Views Project Canyon Views Project is a project of construction of villas in DHA Phase II Extension, I slamabad, Pakistan. Bridgestone Construction Company has served as the general contractor on this project. Although the project is in progress and cannot be considered as a failure altogether, yet the individual milestones in the way of execution of the project were not well-timed(a) accomplished due to which the customers of villas had to wait for considerable time to enter their villas after making the payment. One reason for the delay of accomplishment of milestones is the frequency of change of project managers of the general contractor. Bridgestone Construction Company saw many another(prenominal) changes of project manager. Within just the first two years of the start of projects execution, at least three project managers had been changed. Some left the company on their own after work in it for some while while the others were terminated b the general manager (GM). The reason project managers could not stay for long on the project was not quite hidden from the workforce. Th e GM had had so much influence and control on the project, that he would not let the project managers exercise their rights as a project manager on the construction site. Any decision taken by the project managers seeked approval of GM before

Foreign Policy and the Middle East Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

irrelevant Policy and the center of attention atomic number 99 - Essay Exampleng a permanent American take up to remain in the country in so that it could maintain order and secure the gains that many American servicemen had died for. Furthermore, Republicans believe that in matters concerning conflicts in the mediate East, such as the ongoing Syrian civil war, it is prerequisite for the United States to become actively involved in the overthrow of the Assad regime and replacing it with one which favors America. These policies be a direct opposite of those which the Democrats stand for, with the latter preferring a more subtle American near to foreign policy where diplomacy is given precedence (Mostofi 227). The withdrawal of American troops from the Middle East is a step towards reducing the risk posed to the country. Furthermore, through the use of drone technology, it has become come-at-able to fight terrorists without having to bring in troops to combat them. Therefore, according to the Democrats, American role in the Middle East should be limited to partnerships with its allies rather than on direct intervention in indwelling affairs of the countries in the region.Withdrawal of forces from the Middle East by the Obama administration is a move knowing to ensure that the country remains safer. It is certain that United States spent billions of dollars and lost many servicemen in the Middle East for the purpose of keeping their country safe. While this was the case, the Middle Eastern situation, especially in Iraq, rather of improving, became even worse (Obama Commits to Troop Withdrawal from Iraq by 2011 4). This was essentially because the American backed government became the oppressors of the nonage Sunni population in Iraq and this created an environment ripe for sectarian violence. This forms of violence continued for years, this despite the presence of American troops. Therefore, the security of the nation was not helped in any way by the p resence of troops in Iraq, hence justifications for the withdrawal. In addition, public

The Use of Force and Wars on Terrorism Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

The Use of index and Wars on Terrorism - Essay ExampleThe Charters Article 51 stipulates (Dinstein 2001, 161) Nothing in the present Charter shall impair the inherent sort come forward of individual or collective self-protection if an gird attack occurs against a Member of the United Nations, until the Security Council has taken measures necessary to maintain international sleep and security. Hence, a country can suffice in self-defence or self-preservation against a terrorist fill out, but non unless the Security Council has performed steps needed to uphold security, peace, and order. The immunity for self-defence landed e verbalised in Article 51 is the single clear omission to the prohibition of Article 2(4). This Article, according to Dinstein (2001), presumes that international law currently necessitates at least the possibility of a forthcoming armed attack before a nation whitethorn react forcefully or violently against the political independence or territorial integ rity of other nation. Nevertheless, even as the terrorists have perpetrated an armed dishonor, the honorable to wield force against the attackers positioned in a state is anomalous except if the terrorist activities can be attributed to the state (Kittrich 2008). Hence, an important question is when can terrorism be attributed to the state where in it manoeuvres? Since an assault against terrorism breaches the host states territorial integrity, the terrorists armed assault should be ascribed to that particular state (Kittrich 2008). It would then be legally acceptable to wield force against the terrorists positioned in that state. This paper tries to address this primary question Do terrorists acts constitute a violation of Article 2(4), which justifies wars on terrorism as an act of self-defence under the UN Charter? Use of Force against Terrorism The involve of the UN Charter on a states innate right to embark on tralatitious self-preservation has long been a point of content ion. Nevertheless, nowadays, many think that the traditional international law authority to self-defence is unchanged by the Charters Article 51 and that this natural right to self-preservation involves a right to defensive self-protection (Boethe 2003). Others claim that Article 51 in fact removed preventative self-defence as a lawful rationale for the exercise of armed or violent force, and, without an armed attack, a nation should restrict itself to mobilizations to defend against such an assault, even despite of clear assault mobilizations being carried out by another nation (Penna 1991). This Article reinforces the argument of those who claim that states sustain the traditional natural right to defensive self-protection. Threats of international terrorism currently take place in the form of anachronistic groups that substantiate majority of the features of a state organisation, preparation, training, disposed forces, resources, and possible possession of weapons of mass destru ction. Nevertheless, dissimilar from states, these terrorist groups are headed by people who are ready to use suicide operations routinely and who show a dispatch disrespect to the authority of law and human life (Dinstein 2001). Certainly, the success of such assaults relies on a state unaware of how or when these assaults will subsequently take place. Hence, a state may legally respond on the supposition that, due to the constantly displayed unusual characteristic and operational strategies of particular transnational terrorist groups, an assault by such

Discuss the advantages and disadvantages of the methods to estimate Research Paper

Discuss the advantages and disadvantages of the modes to direct uncollectible dues - Research Paper ExampleHowever, the disadvantage of such method is that it does not consider clients and their knightly trend for paying off their debts. It may be possible that in previous forms, 20% of the receivable would have been uncollectible because customers were not trustworthy. However, this assumption may not be correct for the current year customers. In such a case, the percentage should also be revised accordingly. Another demerit of this method is that it applies to all of the companys sales, which may include cash transactions also. It must be tell that uncollectible meters are only against receivables (Barry, Ralph and Steven).It requires time to calculate uncollectible receivables by this method as bifurcation amongst cash and credit sales is difficult especially when the volume of transaction is high (Barry, Ralph and Steven).In this method, the collectibles are first analyz ed as per their period. Such receivables may be classified as 15 years past due, 30 days past due, etc. Estimates are then made for debts beyond single year or other such criteria (Belverd and Marian).This aging helps to as accepted the will and financial health of the customer for paying off the debt. Another advantage of such aging method is that it helps to prioritize the efforts of convalescence for psyche debts based on the due days. More aged items are given more priority for recovery (Belverd and Marian).Disadvantage of such method is that it estimates those receivables to be uncollectible which may be received after certain time. It may be possible that the customer was willing to pay the amount, but he was unable to do that due to any reason such as liquidity crisis. Subsequently, customer may pay that amount which was expensed out as seriously debt (Belverd and Marian).In this method, different classes of aging are applied different percentages for estimating the bad debts. For example, by applying 10%, 20% and 50% to 6 months, 9 months and 12 months old

Interest Rate Changes in Construction Activity Essay

Interest roll Changes in Construction Activity - Essay ExampleGenerally the construction activeness is sensitive to changes in the pursuit rates and business cycles in the short term and to population growth and economic procession in the long-term. This paper intends to present a short report on the short term effects interest rate changes on the construction industry.The behaviour of any economy can be greatly influenced by the monetary form _or_ system of government. It is observed that decisions about official interest rates by the central banks impress economic activity and inflation through several channels which are collectively known as the Transmission Mechanism of the Monetary Policy. According to the Bank of England Paper on the Transmission mechanisms of monetary policyChanges in transposition rates have a direct impact on the prices of imported goods and run and an indirect impact on the prices and the competitive ability of the products which compete with the i mported products/services. The change in exchange rate is likely to affect the prices of those products in the domestic market which uses imported inputs.Thus through the transmitting mechanism of the monetary policy, any changes in the official interest rates affect the savings and coronation behaviour of the individuals and firms and also thereby affect domestic demand and supply of production and another(prenominal) manufacturing sectors of the economy. normally following a monetary contraction in the economy, as a result of the changes in the interest rates, the construction sector reaches the trough of the cycle first, while the manufacturing sector reacts little slowly. However the manufacturing sector reacts very(prenominal) strongly than the construction sector.3.0 Money Supply and Construction ActivityIn general construction activity is very sensitive to credit conditions. According to Goh (1998) the amount of mortgage loans has an influence on the demand for residentia l construction, since house purchases are financed mainly by mortgage loans from banks.The monetary theorists are of the view that changes in notes supply cause fluctuations in national outputs and because of the interdependency the disturbances in one sector get out be transmitted to other sectors and markets. A review of the different channels of mechanisms reveals that credit is the primary source of funds supply to the construction activity. A restrictive credit supply leads to decreases in demand for real estate, bonds, stocks, and other assets. Since real-estate prices are sticky, ultimately the supply of credit will affect the construction industry. (Raymond Y.C. TSE and John Rafetry 1999)Similarly a contraction in money supply reduces bank lending to all sectors in the economy including attribute developers and thereby causes a decline in the industry. Any change in money supply will have its impact on the demand for